The right tree in the right place? A major economic tree species poses major ecological threats
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract Tree species in the Pinaceae are some of most widely introduced non-native tree globally, especially southern hemisphere. In New Zealand, plantations radiata pine ( Pinus D. Don) occupy c . 1.6 million ha and form 90% planted forests. Although has naturalized since 1904, there is a general view Zealand that this not invaded widely. We comprehensively review where throughout Zealand. used combination observational data climate niche modelling to reveal invasion occurred nationally. Climate demonstrates while current occurrences patchy, up 76% land area (i.e. 211,388 km 2 ) climatically capable supporting populations. Radiata mainly grasslands shrublands, but also Notably, it lower-statured vegetation, including three classes naturally uncommon ecosystems, primary successions secondary successions. Overall, our findings demonstrate pervasive ongoing outside plantations. The relatively high growth rates per individual effects may result strong on ecosystems alter successional trajectories. Local central government currently manage invasions propagule pressure from existing new grows, hence greater emphasis warranted both managing proactively preventing future invasions. therefore recommend levy conifer offset costs invasions, stricter regulations protect vulnerable ecosystems. A economic uses invasive alongside could be adopted measure avert negative impacts.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Biological Invasions
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['1387-3547', '1573-1464']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02892-6